Green Thumbs: Cultivating Greenery and Personal Freedoms in Miné Okubo’s Citizen 13660 and Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun

In her classic 1959 play, A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry explores the impacts of generations of violence, exploitation, and discrimination on an African American family in Chicago’s Southside. Throughout the play, a family house plant comes to symbolize the matriarch\u27s hopes for her children, and her ability to nourish the plant reflects on her ability to fulfil her own modest dreams and provide for the dreams of her progeny. Similarly, we see plants fulfilling the same role in another tale of American racial injustice, namely Miné Okubo’s Citizen 13660, an illustrated personal account of the artist’s experience in Japanese American concentration camps during World War II. In each of these works, cultivated greenery serves an important role for the people represented, a means of expression, an avenue for hope, and an outlet of personal freedom and autonomy

Barnacle Geese and Sky Burials: Relativism in The Travels of Sir John Mandeville

As a medieval travel narrative, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville was immensely popular for everyone from bookworms to world travelers in 14th and 15th century Europe. Given its popularity, and the period in which it was produced, one might expect the fictitious travelogue to display an incredible level of intolerance towards the various peoples and cultures it depicts. However, the Travels frequently surprises modern readers with its message of tolerance towards greater humanity, and its recognition of the universality of human experience as it is mirrored in the lives of people of different ethnic and cultural groups. In order to understand Mandeville’s radical efforts to relate tales of the wider world through a relativistic lens, one must explore strange material, such as tales of geese that grow on trees, as well as the concept of sky burials. Mandeville\u27s account can open our eyes to the cultural sensitivity that was thinkable in the medieval period, and what such sensitivity can teach us today